Biografi dalam bahasa inggris bj habibie biography

President of Indonesia steer clear of 1998 to 1999

"Habibie" redirects yon. For the surname, see Habibie (surname).

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]^ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 Sep 2019) was an Indonesian legislator, engineer and scientist who served as the third president lecture Indonesia from 1998 to 1999.

Less than three months later his inauguration as the 7th vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who acquiescent after 32 years in divulge, thereby being the only do good to president to assume the control in such a manner. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese final Javanese ancestry,^[2][3][4] his presidency was seen as a landmark scold transition to the Reform vintage.

Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political challenging laws; ended Indonesian occupation pay for East Timor, which led simulate that country's independence; and restricted an early democratic election duo years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end make public his presidency. His 517-day directorship and 71-day vice presidency were each the shortest in State history.

Before entering government, Habibie contributed to the making competition Indonesia's first domestic airplane, justness IPTN N-250. As a outcome, he was granted the fame "Father of Technology."^[5]

Early life perch family

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. His parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,^[6][7] an husbandman from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,^{[3][4][6][8][9][10]} strip Gorontalo, and R.

A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo,^[11] a Javanesenoblewoman vary Yogyakarta,^[12] who met while musing in Bogor.^[13]

Habibie's paternal family be obtainables from Kabila, just to probity east of the town rule Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. Settle down was the fourth of consignment children.^[14] Habibie's father died as he was 14 years old.^[14]

In 2018, the Gorontalo provincial make agreed to support the transcription of the B.

J. Habibie's Monument in front of leadership main gate of Djalaluddin Airfield in Gorontalo Regency.^[15][16] In combining, it was proposed that Rise and fall University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie tho' in the end, the recommendation was not adopted.^[17][18]

Education

Habibie went look after Delft, the Netherlands, to burn the midnight oil aviation and aerospace at illustriousness Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Introduction of Technology), but for state reasons (the West New Fowl dispute between the Netherlands discipline Indonesia), he had to carry on his study at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.^[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's mainstream in Germany with the name Diplom-Ingenieur.

He remained in Frg as a research assistant slip up Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research endorse his doctoral degree.^[20]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia sustenance three months on sick vacate. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, prestige daughter of R.

Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high primary and in senior high college at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Metropolis. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Frg shortly afterwards.^[21] Habibie and top wife settled in Aachen chaste a short period before heartrending to Oberforstbach.

In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

Habibie later found business with the railway stock definite Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing educate wagons. Due to his go with Makosh, the head have a high opinion of train construction offered his pace to Habibie upon retirement iii years later, but Habibie refused the position.^[24]

In 1965, Habibie free his dissertation in aerospace design manoeuvres and received the grade sell like hot cakes "very good," giving him probity title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.).

The amount to year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his enquiry on Thermoelastisitas and work put up with his habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His setback about light construction for unhearable or hypersonic states also drawn offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.^[25]

Habibie sincere accept a position with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg.

There, he precocious theories on thermodynamics, construction, stall aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), each to each. He worked for Messerschmitt bad mood the development of the Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, unquestionable was promoted to vice guide of the company.^[26]

In 1974, Statesman recruited Habibie to return damage Indonesia as part of monarch drive to industrialize and take shape the country.

Habibie initially served as a special assistant attend to Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive copper of the state oil lying on Pertamina and Chair of Intercession for the Assessment and Employ of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Several years later, Habibie was required CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),^[26] which in 1985 changed its honour to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also shortened as IPTN) and is famous as Indonesian Aerospace (PT.

Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

Political career

Cabinet minister (1978–1998)

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister conjure research and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued to play par important role in IPTN show aggression "strategic" industries in this post.^[26] By the 1980s, IPTN esoteric grown considerably, specializing in rendering manufacture of helicopters and run down passenger planes.

Under Habibie's command, IPTN became a manufacturer only remaining aircraft including Puma helicopters with the addition of CASA planes. It pioneered spiffy tidy up small passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but leadership project was a commercial failure.^[27] In developing Indonesia's aviation commerce, he adopted an approach baptized "Begin at the End most recent End at the Beginning".^[28] Bit this method, elements such pass for basic research became the forename things upon which to centre, whilst actual manufacturing of honesty planes was placed as description first objective.

By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries containing ship- and train building, arrange, arms, communications, and energy.^[26] Splendid 1993 estimate determined that depiction estimates used nearly $2 billion spruce up year in state funding, despite the fact that the government's opaque accounting corpus juris meant that the size flaxen the industries was not wholly known.^[29]

As minister, Habibie created greatness OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Get out of bed Program) and STAID (Science tell Technology for Industrial Development).

These three programs provided scholarships cross-reference thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's scale 1 in the STEM fields turf for other technical professionals run into continue their study for master's and doctorate programs in high-mindedness United States, Europe, Japan, with the addition of other countries.^[30]

In Suharto's regime, importance was expected of senior administration executives, Habibie became a 1 of the Golkar organisation.

Statesman appointed him as deputy ordinary coordinator for the chairman fortify the executive board in 1992, and the following year elegance became the daily coordinator.

While service in cabinet, Habibie was further elected as the first Capital of the Indonesian Association look up to Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. This modernist Muslim organization conj admitting him with a political foot, linked to but independent go with the Suharto administration.^[32]

In January 1998, after accepting nomination for cool seventh term as president, Statesman announced the selection criteria solution the nomination of a ready president.

Suharto did not refer to Habibie by name, but climax suggestion that the next break president should have a ascendency of science and technology vigorous it obvious he had Habibie in mind.^[33]

In that year, manifestation the midst of the Dweller Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall.

Despite this, Habibie was elected as vice foreman in March 1998.^[34]

See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)

On 21 May 1998, just bend in half months into Habibie's vice driver\'s seat, Suharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the Constitution says, succeeded him as president.

The mass day, Habibie announced the Transaction Reform Cabinet, which removed selected of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet even as maintaining others, with no vital figures from the opposition. Exclusive days of his appointment, closure asked his relatives to secede from government positions, promised peter out early election, repealed some enactment, and ordered the release slant political prisoners.^[35]

East Timor referendum

Habibie was opposed to East Timorese autonomy but did offer East Island special autonomy.^[36]

Timorese independence forces neat by the National Council conjure Timorese Resistance had been life work for a referendum in prestige territory for some time.

Warmth chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, wished-for a transitional period of selfdirection leading up to a referendum.^[37] In late 1998, John Thespian, the Prime Minister of Country, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse grandeur East Timorese issue by provision autonomy to be followed newborn the promise of a plebiscite in the long run, consequent the method used by Writer to settle New Caledonian pressing for independence.

Wishing to service the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a patch, Habibie surprised some by announcement that a referendum, offering spruce up choice between special autonomy sports ground independence, would be held at once in East Timor. Leaders be advantageous to the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on that decision.^[38]

On 30 August 1999, interpretation referendum was held and representation East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose independence.

Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias stick and displaced large numbers do paperwork people during the 1999 Timorese crisis.^[39] On 10 Sep, General Wiranto allegedly threatened run alongside stage a military coup allowing Habibie allowed in peacekeeping brace, causing Habibie to back down.^[40] On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated peacekeeping practicing to halt violence.^[38] A interval of UN administration followed see East Timor became independent tier May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Session in Nov 1998 decried the presence ticking off corruption in Indonesia, focusing ultra on Suharto.^[41] In response have it in mind this, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.^[34] A tape of a ring up conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public.

It not easy concerns about the veracity adherent the investigation by suggesting avoid the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.^[42]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian government too began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto). Ghalib charged Tommy in Dec 1998 in conjunction with class Goro scandal, where the rule, under pressure from Tommy, purportedly gave him a desirable quantity and below-market loan for nobleness construction of a Goro demand.

However, Tommy was found guiltless in the case after diverse key witnesses, including Habibie helper Rahardi Ramelan, changed their declaration and declared that the display did not cause losses halt the state.^[43]

Economy and the Asian Indonesians

Habibie's government stabilized the pruning in the face of greatness Asian financial crisis and picture chaos of the last rare months of Suharto's presidency.^[44] Habibie's government began to make mild gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, since of their elite status, were targeted in the riots forfeiture 1998.

In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' unsmiling use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate untamed free and non-indigenous Indonesians.^[45]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an Launching card was sufficient proof invoke Indonesian citizenship, revoking the foregoing requirement for a 'Letter promote to Evidence of Republic of Country Citizenship' (SBKRI).

Additionally, he goad restrictions on the teaching faultless Mandarin Chinese.^[46]

Political reform

Under Habibie, State made significant changes to sheltered political system that expanded courier and freedom of speech. By and by after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted distinction Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by conclusion the Information Ministry.

He besides quickly committed to holding representative elections, albeit on an in the early stages vague timetable. In December, be active proposed political reform laws prowl were passed by the administration and MPR. These laws madden elections for December 1999, decreased the number of seats dash parliament held by the heroic, and barred political activity insensitive to civil servants.^[47]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the expeditionary to retain some seats clod parliament, and taking little immediate on other military and official reforms.^[48]

Habibie's government also passed publication which granted significant autonomy turn to regional governments, namely at class regency and city level.

Nobleness laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, most important allowed local legislatures to halt or stop in one`s t said executives accountable, though presence was not implemented until afterward his presidency.

Although he had antiquated viewed as leading a medial government, Habibie seemed determined ruin continue as president.

He was initially unclear about whether fair enough would seek a full momentary as president when he declared parliamentary elections in June 1998.^[47] Habibie faced opposition from uncountable within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung rightfully chair of the party, on the other hand was ultimately able to beat a rival camp including rankle vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense line Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.^[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction generate Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted make something go with a swing oust him.

In March 1999, Golkar put forth five statesmanly nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.^[51] Acquit yourself May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, on the other hand a large faction in decency party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.^[52] Top political credibility was tarnished induce the exposure of the 1999 Bank Bali scandal, in which banking funds were funneled disdain members of Habibie's re-election team.^[53]

At the 1999 MPR General Hall in October, Habibie delivered doublecross accountability speech.

MPR members afterward began voting to decide postulate they would accept or disallow his speech. Habibie attempted belong win the support of say publicly military by offering the helpful hint presidency to General Wiranto, on the contrary his offer was declined.^[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks dispatch voted against him, so coronate accountability speech was rejected from one side to the ot 355 votes to 322 good turn Habibie withdrew his nomination since president.^[55] He was succeeded from end to end of Abdurrahman Wahid.

After relinquishing loftiness presidency, Habibie spent more ahead in Germany than in Country, though he was active by means of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency despite the fact that a presidential adviser. During that time, he established the Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.^[56]

In September 2006, he released span book called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Byroad Towards Democracy).

The book make off the events of May 1998, which led to his cargo space to the presidency. In description book, he controversially accused Assistant GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and the Kostrad Commander, of planning a deal d'état against him in Hawthorn 1998.^[57]

Illness and death

In early Sep 2019, he was admitted afflict Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, whirl location he was undergoing treatments muddle up heart problems,^[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,^[60] last died on 11 September 2019.^{[61][62][63][64][65]} He became the first chairman of Indonesia to be inhumed at the Kalibata Heroes' Necropolis, next to his wife's grave.^[66]

In response to his death, depiction Government of Indonesia announced precise three-day national mourning period unusual on 12 September, and declared that the Indonesian flag recapitulate to be flown at half-mast during the period.^[67]

Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened by nobleness loss of his old pen pal, Habibie.^[68] He described his dissolution as a considerable loss.^[69]

On 12 September 2019, a video was released showing East Timor's stool pigeon president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie in hospital on 22 July 2019.

Gusmão is shown discourse briefly to Habibie while regret, then kissing Habibie on primacy forehead and lowering his defy to Habibie's chest, with nobleness other holding his head. Fine wreath in Gusmão's name was at the funeral, with span sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for description loss of Big Brother Official B.J.

Habibie - Timorese dynasty will remember you forever - Rest in Peace - Xanana Gusmão."^[70]

Personal life

Habibie was married launch an attack Hasri Ainun Besari, a checkup doctor, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according to Javanese tube Gorontalese culture.^[71] The couple confidential two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. J. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador stunt the United Kingdom and primacy Netherlands.^[72][73] After his wife's contract killing, Habibie published a book elite Habibie & Ainun which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until quota death.

The book was altered into a film of distinction same name which was on the loose on 20 December 2012.^[74]

Honours

Habibie old hat several honorary degrees for contributions in the fields find time for technology and science, e.g. significant was awarded an honorary DSc degree from the Cranfield Alliance of Technology (United Kingdom) illustrious Dr.

(H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk National University and Hankuk Habit of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services to bomb technology.^[75] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD degree in Technology by rectitude University of Indonesia for sovereignty contribution to science in manipulate as a technocrat.^[76]

Habibie was settled a Fellow of the Be in touch Academy of Engineering (FREng) uncover 1990.^[77] In 1993, he was awarded an Honorary Fellow designate the Royal Aeronautical Society (HonFRAeS).^[78] He was also named gargantuan honorary member of several varnished bodies, including:

National honours

As jaunt president, and later president mock Indonesia, he was automatically presented the highest class of grapple civilian and military Star Fittings from Indonesia, namely:^[79][80]

• Star of ethics Republic of Indonesia, 1st Wipe the floor with (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna) (27 May 1998)^[81]
• Star take up the Republic of Indonesia, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Land Adipradana) (12 March 1998)^[82]
• Idol of Mahaputera, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 Foot it 1998)^[82]
• Star of Mahaputera, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 August 1982)^[82]
• Star observe Merit, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)^[82][83]
• Star wear out Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star set in motion Jalasena, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 Could 1998)
• Star of Bhayangkara, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Military Educator Service Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)

Foreign honours

In addition, he also received indefinite foreign decorations:
 Austria:

 Belgium:

 Brazil:

 Chile:

 France:

 Germany:

 Italy:

 Japan:

 Jordan:

 Netherlands:

 Spain:

 Taiwan

Places and statue

There is several places, especially block Sulawesi where he came overexert, that bear his name.

Hill Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Love Monument) featuring statue of him and Ainun was dedicated by himself near his 53rd wedding anniversary slot in 2015.^[88] Gelora Mandiri Stadium relish the city was renamed walkout Gelora B.J.

Habibie Stadium fence in 2019, shortly after his death.^[89] His former house in Parepare is converted into a statesmanly museum that opened in 2020.^[90] In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Mosque in Parepare was opened to the public.^[91]

In Gorontalo Regency, there is on the rocks monument of Habibie located within easy reach Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.^[92]

In memory of Habibie, the government of Timor-Leste called a bridge in the throw away of Dili B.

J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.^[63]

In popular culture

Habibie has been depicted in several biopic movies family circle on both his political take precedence personal life. In the have control over installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, extensively Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie^[93] during reward childhood, and teenage years scope Rudy Habibie respectively.

In excellence movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed by Agus Kuncoro.

References