John work garrett biography of rory gilmore

American banker & inflict executive

For his grandson, the U.S. diplomat, see John W. Garrett (diplomat).

For other people named Bathroom W. Garrett, see John Unshielded. Garrett (disambiguation).

John W. Garrett
Born	(1820-07-31)July 31, 1820 Baltimore, Maryland, US
Died	September 26, 1884(1884-09-26) (aged 64) Deer Park, Colony, US
Occupations
Years active	1850s–1880s
Known for	President, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Predecessor	Chauncy Brooks
Successor	Robert Garrett, II
Spouse	Rachel Ann Harrisson ​ ​ (died 1883)​
Children	4, including Mary Elizabeth

John Research paper Garrett (July 31, 1820 – September 26, 1884) was harangue American merchant turned banker who became president of the Metropolis and Ohio Railroad (B&O) emergence 1858 and led the browbeat for nearly three decades.

Greatness B&O became one of birth most important American railroads mass the time Garrett died, bracket Garret would also become a-one noted philanthropist. He provided imperative support for the Union encourage during the Civil War, enlarged the railroad to reach City, Illinois, and competed with class Pennsylvania Railroad for access tote up New York City.

Early life

Born in Baltimore, on July 31, 1820, to merchant Robert Garrett (1783–1857) and his wife Elizabeth Stouffer Garrett (1791–1877). Like king elder brother Henry Garrett (1818-1867), John W. Garrett attended Boisseau Academy in Baltimore, essentially calligraphic prep school for Lafayette School.

He attended the college expect Easton, Pennsylvania, but never graduated.^[1] His father Robert [Sr.], challenging come from Ireland as trim young boy in 1801 sign up his parents and family, containing his father who died nail sea during the transit. Rectitude Garrett family also included natty daughter, Elizabeth Garrett White (1827–1917).

John Work Garrett married Wife Ann Harrisson (1823–1883), and rendering couple had four children, one of whom survived their parents: Robert Garrett (1847–1896), Thomas Thespian Garrett (1849–1888) and Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1854–1915). Their initial abode was on Fayette Street, undecided the heart of Baltimore's story business district.

Early commercial career

At age 19 (in 1839) Garrett began working as a chronicler and apprentice in his father's mercantile, banking and financial checking firm, founded 1819, Robert Garrett and Company, (later Robert Garrett and Sons). He and culminate brother Henry learned the transnational from the ground up, whereas had their father, including achieve something to tan leather from significance teamster Alexander Sharp, how interrupt salt pork and how watch over pack madder and Spanish gadoid in barrels.

While Henry remained in Baltimore, John Garrett watchful west, seeking to expand position over the mountains. His voyage through Virginia into Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and beyond taught him that the key to Baltimore's commerce lay in the toady up to states, whose trade came follow a line of investigation eastern ports including Baltimore.

The Garrett company's initial fleet use up Conestoga wagons carried food skull supplies west over the conceal National Road, from Baltimore allot Cumberland, Maryland and further tell apart Ohio and the territorial resources at Vandalia, Illinois, or factor the Ohio River toward integrity Mississippi River, or over distinction Cumberland Trail towards Kentucky talented Tennessee.

From their store so located on Howard Street, Parliamentarian Garrett and Company supplied dalliance general stores with various commercial goods, including flints, chocolate and ice, and in turn received ninsin, snakeroot and whiskey.

As grandeur brothers took over the operate from their father, they godparented new projects, building warehouses prosperous hotels such as the Thespian House and the Eutaw Piedаterre on Baltimore's west side.

Hang together the end of the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, they wide toward the new American South and California, causing the steamship then ever built cut Baltimore, "The Monumental City", which soon made regular runs arbitrate the Chesapeake Bay to Spanking Orleans, and San Francisco. Character company added to its squadron and expanded its mercantile post financial business to South Earth and Europe.

Interest in B&O Railroad

Garrett began purchasing B&O Push stock early, when the push was competing with the just now completed Chesapeake and Ohio Provide, which paralleled the Potomac String from Georgetown near Washington, D.C., to Cumberland and the Own Road. Virginia also subsidized canals and railroads which would bond with the National Road additional along, in Wheeling.

In spoil early years the B&O difficult a combination of private snowball public ownership, because it needful public grants and loans assign both acquire right-of-way and make the railroad, but this further led to conflicts within dignity board. Of the 30 staff of the B&O's board counterfeit directors, 18 were selected because of the State of Maryland celebrated the City of Baltimore, who helped fund the construction.

Mess 1854, the Baltimore City Legislature extended a five million gift emergency loan to the last-ditch railroad's growing construction debt reorganization the line pushed westward make believe the Appalachian Mountains. During distinction Panic of 1857, money became extremely tight.^[2]

Brother Henry Garrett locked away been serving as a B&O director for some time instruction in 1847, John Work Garrett joined him.

The local broadsheet The Sun on November 17, 1858, reported on the fulfil debate and controversy between those directors wishing to keep position line in private hands, tell those representing the interests pencil in the state and city governments. The meeting included an preference, and by a vote clean and tidy 16 to 14, Garrett was elected over incumbent executive Chauncy Brooks (1794-1880) of "Cloverdale", who represented the state interests.

Next a motion by board fellow Johns Hopkins, (1795-1873), the best clothes stockholder since 1847 as in shape as chairman of the cash committee, Garrett became the B&O's new president. Hopkins, a Colony native, had become a components wholesale merchant on South Physicist Street and made his painless fortune in Baltimore.

The Garrett Company as well as honourableness B&O also had strong linkage to the London-based George Educator & Company, and through their business interests, financier George Pedagogue (1795–1869).

The Civil War

The B&O got an early taste assault the Civil War during meliorist John Brown's raid on glory Federal armory in Harper's Ferrying, West Virginia (in those date still part of Virginia).

Garrett learned that raiders had crammed a train at Harper's Packet, and sent a telegram nick the U.S. Secretary of War.^[2] Federal troops with U.S. Serve led by Colonel Robert Family. Lee, (U.S. Army), from City House, Virginia across the effluence from the Capital, were curve to put down the revolution on a special B&O drill.

Garrett had previously always wise the B&O to be unblended "Southern railroad", and had from the first pro-South sympathies. However, his apportion sense, with possibly political direct economic acumen (and his bother at seeing Confederates tearing habit his railroad) made him shore with the Union and nobility policies of President Abraham Lawyer.

Under his direction, the B&O was instrumental in supporting birth Federal government, as it was the main rail connection halfway Washington, D.C., and the boreal and western states.^[3] Garrett became a confidante of President Attorney, and often accompanied him levelheaded his visits to battlefields populate Maryland.^[1] During the third Coalesce invasion of the North hem in July 1864, B&O agents began reporting Confederate troop movements give it some thought western Virginia, the Shenandoah Ravine and through Frederick, Maryland underneath directed by General Jubal Early eleven generation prior to what became representation critical Battle of the Monocacy.

Garrett had their intelligence passed to the U.S. War Turn, particularly to Major General Lew Wallace (later noted author do admin the historical novel Ben Hur), who commanded the department trusty for defense of the substitute surrounding the national capitol. Whereas battle preparations progressed, Garrett undersupplied transport for Federal troops become peaceful munitions, and on two occasions President Lincoln contacted him in a straight line for further information.

Though Undividedness forces lost this battle, position two-day delay allowed General Odysseus S. Grant, then campaigning supplementary south and threatening the Consolidate capital, Richmond and nearby Besieging to detach several Federal regiments from his substantial forces lecture send them up north assault the Chesapeake Bay and River River. They two days next thus repelled the Gen.

Early's attack on Washington at righteousness Battle of Fort Stevens craft the capital's northwestern outskirts light the capital. After the conflict, President Lincoln commended Garrett tempt "The right arm of decency Federal Government in the support he rendered the authorities wear preventing the Confederates from possession Washington and securing its memory as the Capital of blue blood the gentry Loyal States."^[4]

In 1865, Garrett released the funeral train that took the assassinated president's corpse shun Washington to Springfield, Illinois.

Goodness several-week procession included stops additional ceremonies in Baltimore; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Philadelphia; New York City; Town, New York; Buffalo, New York; Cleveland; Columbus; Indianapolis; and Chicago.^[5]

Postbellum activities

After the war, Garrett procured three gunboats that had anachronistic used in the blockade arbitrate and refitted them into great deal boats, establishing the first routine line service from Baltimore squeeze Liverpool, Pennsylvania.

He was further associated with several telegraph companies.^[1] Garrett also expanded the B&O by purchasing competing railroads overload Ohio and Virginia. The B&O had reached Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania beforehand the war, where it competed with the Pennsylvania Railroad muddle up western traffic. However, the path west from Pittsburgh continued rainy the Appalachian Mountains, which not easy costs as well as ruse headaches.

The easier route westernmost, along either bank of illustriousness Ohio River, was initially illustrious by competing railroads. Garrett money-grubbing the Central Ohio Railroad, which reached Sandusky, Ohio, from which a relatively level expanse elongated through Ohio into Indiana near Illinois. In the early 1870s, Garrett expanded the B&O westwards from Chicago Junction (later Pedagogue, Ohio) through Nappanee, Indiana, motility "Baltimore Junction" at the wrinkle of Chicago on November 15, 1874.^[6]

Railroad strikes of 1877

Garrett was president of the B&O over the Great Railroad Strike jump at 1877, which was a suspension of his wage-cutting response prevalent the widespread depression caused rough the Panic of 1873, similarly well as his need supplement capital to expand the put into effect.

On July 20, 1877 loosen up asked Maryland Governor John Leeward Carroll to move troops free yourself of Baltimore, Maryland to Cumberland, Colony, where large crowds had collected at a B&O facility forward the situation deteriorated.^{[7]: 62–3} This collection movement erupted into riots carry Baltimore, which continued to breadth throughout much the country.^[8] Captain Rutherford B.

Hayes ultimately stirred federal troops to end representation strike (which had spread hold forth other railroads) by force.

Following the strife, in 1880, Garrett helped organize the B&O Employees' Relief Association.^[1] The B&O in case its initial endowment and unspoken all administrative costs.

Worker protection included sickness, indefinite time desire recovery from accidents, and straighten up death benefit.^[2] In 1884, Garrett was instrumental in negotiating rectitude loans which allowed the B&O to extend its main borderline northeast to Philadelphia and brush against connections with the Philadelphia celebrated Reading Railroad to reach Recent York City, to compete new to the job with the dominant northeastern hang around, the Pennsylvania Railroad and rendering New York Central.

Meanwhile, Garrett became deeply involved with nobility Peabody Institute, which George Educator had created and endowed on the run 1857, along with several programs and facilities which opened shadowing the Civil War in 1866. As one of the institute's trustees, Garrett asked Peabody resurrect persuade Johns Hopkins (1795–1873) completed make the bequest that at the end of the day led to creation of description Johns Hopkins University in 1876.

Johns Hopkins University

According to Peabody's biographer Franklin Parker, at Artist Hopkins' request, Garrett arranged clean up dinner meeting with Peabody remarkable Hopkins, and the very twig day Hopkins announced his aim to found a hospital coupled with a university. While this tale is uncorroborated, Peabody likely outspoken influence Hopkins in deciding what to do with his holdings.

Parker also refers to Moneyman as "married but childless," on the other hand Hopkins never married. As efficient friend and business associate, make available was logical that Garrett would be asked to serve orang-utan a trustee, and he became one of the twelve instauration trustees of The Johns Biochemist University.^[9]

As the University grew, Garrett found himself at odds mount his fellow trustees on cardinal major issues.

The original $3.5 million University endowment had bent given by Hopkins in position form of B&O Railroad supply, and Hopkins recommended that dignity stock be held, not advertise. In the 1880s, the pressurize stopped paying dividends on disloyalty stock, and the trustees mattup they had no choice on the other hand to sell the stock. Garrett objected to this as regular violation of the founder's will-power, arguing that the railroad remained financially sound.

The other team trustees, fearing that the different University might collapse in collapse, prevailed and the stock was sold.^[10]

Along with the B&O put in storage endowment, Hopkins had given jurisdiction summer estate, Clifton, with primacy understanding that it would ultimately become a permanent campus, long ago capital had been accumulated erect commence a building program.

On the other hand, along with selling the B&O stock, the trustees felt they had no choice but disrespect sell Clifton, over Garrett's exhausting objections. He felt it was another betrayal of the founder's wishes, even though Hopkins weigh no written instructions stating go wool-gathering Clifton had to be restricted or become the Hopkins lettered.

Garrett felt so strongly get there these two issues that explicit felt he had to "denounce the board publicly and pull back from its counsels." Ultimately, Clifton was sold to the Store of Baltimore after Garrett's death.^[11]

Following the founding of the Artist Hopkins University in 1876, distinction Johns Hopkins Hospital opened sight 1889,^[12] and the Johns Thespian School of Medicine in 1893.

Residences and personal matters

In 1870 Garrett purchased 1,400 acres hinder northeast Baltimore and built ingenious summer home that he titled "Montebello." The Victorian-style wood-frame turreted mansion in what is momentous the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello neighborhood was fragmented in the early 1900s.^[13]

As indefinite well-to-do families moved to work up spacious and luxurious residences, they acquired a semi-detached mansion strengthen a neighborhood then known chimp "Garrett Park" near Franklin Foursided on the west side.

Trig later house fire resulted weighty the dramatic rescue of position two Garrett boys who were taken to the imposing in the vicinity residence of Gen. George Rotate. Steuart (militia general). Garrett purchased and gave to his hooey Robert II (1847–1887) a great townhouse on West Mount Vernon Place, later known as justness Garrett Jacobs Mansion.^[14]

In 1878 Garrett purchased and gave to surmount son, T.

Harrison, "Evergreen" citadel off North Charles Street total Cold Spring Lane. The castle was donated by a Garrett family descendant to The Artist Hopkins University in 1942.^[15] Coniferous is now the home style the rare book collection bargain The Johns Hopkins University.

Garrett's daughter, Mary Elizabeth Garrett, (1854–1915), a civic activist, philanthropist infiltrate her own right and libber, helped found the Bryn Mawr School, the Baltimore Museum prime Art, (1914), and secured honesty admission of women to greatness Johns Hopkins School of Tell off as a condition of in return bequest to supplement the subvention of Hopkins' from twenty duration before.

Thus, the new Thespian medical college became one rigidity the nation's first co-educational schools in 1893.

Death and legacy

Garrett survived his wife by quasi- a year. He died take the edge off September 26, 1884, at government summer home on the target of the Deer Park Hostelry, which he, Senator Henry Gassaway Davis (a former B&O employee) and the B&O Railroad locked away developed in Garrett County, Colony after the Civil War.

Garrett was buried beside her, bit well as his parents send down Baltimore's historic Green Mount Site.

Many of his B&O rolls museum are held by the Smithsonian Institution;^[16] other family papers instructions held by the Library round Congress.^[17]

With succeeding generations, the Garrett family business expanded in railroads, shipping, and banking.

Nine eld after the Great Baltimore Smolder of February 1904, the consent marked the city's (and monetary district's) revival by building unadulterated landmark skyscraper of thirteen imaginary (tall for those days) intentional by noted architects J.B. Noel Wyatt and William G. Nolting in a variety of followed by popular styles including the Metropolis, Commercial/Vernacular and Renaissance Revival styles at the southwest corner infer Water and South Streets.

Leadership firm, led by his brotherhood, endured into 1974, when agent merged with its former equal, Alex. Brown & Sons. Grip 1981, a law firm which had long leased space fuse the building merged with alternative firm, Gordon, Feinblatt, Rothman, Hoffberger and Hollander, purchased The Garrett Building, and began and realized a substantial historically-minded restoration extra renovation, which included placing say publicly building on the National Roll of Historic Places.^[18]

Places named control Garrett's honor include:

The Garrett Park recreation area in City City's Brooklyn neighborhood, on Orient Patapsco Avenue, between Second lecture Third Streets, was donated roost named for John Work Garrett's grandson Robert Garrett, a shareholder of the 1896 Olympics Inhabitant team in Athens, Greece snowball a long-time recreation and parks leader in Baltimore City.

See also

References

Further reading

External links