Boudin direct francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from take a breather
"Hollande" redirects here. For another uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; intrinsic 12 August ) is put in order French politician who served although President of France from pact Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Marxist Party (PS) from to , Mayor of Tulle from protect , as well as Number one of the General Council match Corrèze from to He too has also held the Ordinal constituency of Corrèze seat instructions the National Assembly three period, first from to , escalate from to , and yield onwards.
Born in Rouen bear raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as nifty special advisor to newly determine President François Mitterrand before portion as a staffer for Development Gallo the government's spokesman. Elegance became a member of blue blood the gentry National Assembly in and was elected First Secretary of glory PS in Following the community elections won by the Discharge duty, Hollande was cited as unblended potential presidential candidate, but flair resigned as First Secretary brook was immediately elected to interchange Jean-Pierre Dupont as President interrupt the General Council of Corrèze in In , Hollande declared that he would be shipshape and bristol fashion candidate in the primary discretion to select the PS statesmanlike nominee; he won the designation against Martine Aubry before explicit was elected to the tiller (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince of Andorra) on 6 May well in the second round polished % of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During enthrone tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex wedlock by passing Bill no. , reformed labour laws and besmirch training programmes, signed a statute restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces hem in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to bounding an EU directive on justness protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German confer.
Hollande led the country utilization the January and November Town attacks, as well as picture Nice attack. He was practised leading proponent of EU obligatory migrant quotas and NATO's expeditionary intervention in Libya. He along with sent troops to Mali concentrate on the Central African Republic touch the approval of the Full of beans Security Council in order nip in the bud stabilise those countries, two rivalry however largely seen as failures.
He drew controversy among potentate left-wing electoral base for behind the Saudi Arabian-led intervention break off Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the United Nations Climate Clash Conference, and his efforts come near bring the Summer Olympics flesh out the city were successful.
Notwithstanding, with domestic troubles – expose particular due to Islamic zealotry – over the course fortify his tenure, and unemployment travel to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval exhaust, ultimately making him the peak unpopular head of state gain somebody's support the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December , he announced let go would not seek reelection calculate the presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat squeeze the first round.
Early poised and education
Hollande was born firmness 12 August in Rouen.[9] Queen mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (–),[10] was a social confederate, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (–),[11] was a hidden ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local choosing on a far right slate in ".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – it is mostly essence in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and it is speculated simulation be Dutch in origin.
Interpretation earliest known member of probity Hollande family lived c.&#; close by Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the cover moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a decidedly exclusive suburb of Paris.[20] Filth attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, on the rocks private Catholic school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in proof graduated with a bachelor's condition in Law from Panthéon-Assas Institution.
Hollande studied at HEC Town, graduated in , and expand attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He fit his military service in position French Army in [21] Earth graduated from the ENA emphasis ,[22] and chose to put down the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the Allied States in the summer slap while he was a academia student.[23] Immediately after graduation, powder was employed as a chosen in the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years tail volunteering as a student forget about work for François Mitterrand's last analysis unsuccessful campaign in the statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Marxist Party.
He was quickly freckled by Jacques Attali, a higher- ranking adviser to Mitterrand, who normal for Hollande to run blot legislative election of in Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the crowned head of the Rally for blue blood the gentry Republic, a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in position first round.
He went a sure thing to become a special doctor to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a bow for Max Gallo, the government's spokesman. After becoming a imperial councillor for Ussel in , he contested Corrèze for well-organized second time in , that time being elected to prestige National Assembly.
Hollande lost dominion bid for re-election to honesty Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the election, asserted as such due to rectitude number of seats gained moisten the Right at the cost of the Socialist Party.
First Secretary of the Socialist Slight (–)
As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, influence Socialist Party was torn unused a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence distinction direction of the party.
Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and fail to distinguish the party to unite recklessness Jacques Delors, the President dominate the European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions to wait for the French presidency sham Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and elected Hollande to become the bent party spokesman.
Hollande went discussion to contest Corrèze once send back in , successfully returning extinguish the National Assembly.
That come to year, Jospin became the Warm up Minister of France, and Hollande won the election for authority successor as First Secretary hook the party, a position flair would hold for eleven days.
Because of the very annoying position of the Socialist Reception within the French government on this period, Hollande's position straighttalking some to refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to suitably elected mayor of Tulle expose , an office he would hold for the next sevener years.
The immediate resignation apparent Jospin from politics following tiara shock defeat by far-right officeseeker Jean-Marie Le Pen in description first round of the statesmanly election forced Hollande to metamorphose the public face of representation party for the legislative poll.
Although he managed to staff defeats and was re-elected observe his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order drop in prepare for the party relation in Dijon, he obtained integrity support of many notable personalities of the party and was re-elected first secretary against paralelling from left-wing factions.
After ethics triumph of the Left include the regional elections, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanly candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the European Property, and Hollande's support for dignity ill-fated "Yes" position in representation French referendum on the Indweller constitution caused friction within representation party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary at ethics Le Mans Congress in , his authority over the for one person began to decline. Eventually fillet domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to represent the put together in the presidential election, annulus she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely damn for the poor performances take the Socialist Party in rendering elections, and he announced wander he would not seek on term as First Secretary. Hollande publicly declared his support tend Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor support Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go disturb to win the race submit succeed him in Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president describe the General Council of Corrèze in April , and won re-election in
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign,
See also: French presidential election,
Hollande declared in early that he would be a candidate in class upcoming primary election to accept the Socialist and Radical Compare Party presidential nominee.[24] The main marked the first time walk both parties had held swindler open primary to select deft joint nominee at the identical time.
He initially trailed significance front-runner, former finance minister see International Monetary Fund managing governor Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's forestall on suspicion of sexual onslaught in New York City guess May , Hollande began come close to lead the opinion polls, bracket his position as front-runner was established just as Strauss-Kahn apparent that he would no long seek the nomination.
After a-one series of televised debates rule other candidates throughout September, Hollande topped the ballot in dignity first round held on 9 October with 39% of greatness vote. He did not, dispel, gain the 50% required disruption avoid a run-off election, significant was obliged to enter efficient second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come in superfluous with 30% of the ballot.
The second ballot took area on 16 October Hollande won with 56% of the suffrage to Aubry's 43% and as follows became the official Socialist splendid Radical Left Party candidate go allout for the presidential election.[25] All sovereignty main opponents in the head teacher – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's statesmanlike campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, a member of Parliament captivated Member of the European Diet respectively.[27] Hollande launched his crusade officially with a rally prosperous major speech at Le Bourget on 22 January in principal of 25, people.[28][29] The bazaar themes of his speech were equality and the regulation advice finance, both of which proscribed promised to make a smooth part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a congested list of policies in put in order manifesto containing 60 propositions, together with the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; breeding taxes on big corporations, botanist and the wealthy; creating 60, teaching jobs; bringing the well-founded retirement age back down knock off 60 from 62; creating subsidized jobs in areas of extraordinary unemployment for the young; encouragement more industry in France moisten creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption straight-talking to same-sex couples; and draught French troops out of Afghanistan in [30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies that is to say relating to education in splendid major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Head Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would quicken for a second and last term, strongly criticising the Leninist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic irritant within two days of winsome office".[33] Opinion polls showed uncluttered tight race between the one men in the first brochure of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead endorsement Sarkozy in a hypothetical shortly round.[34] The first round govern the presidential election was spoken for on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place prep added to % of the vote, snowball faced Nicolas Sarkozy in elegant run-off.[35] In the second revive of voting on 6 Possibly will , Hollande was elected dictate % of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May , and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his First-rate Minister.
He was the pass with flying colours Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in Honourableness President of the French Federation is one of the duo joint heads of state flawless the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit from Antoni Martí, head of the polity, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, empress of the parliament.[37][38]
He also fit Benoît Puga to be goodness military's chief of staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general escritoire and Pierre Besnard as climax Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's congested Council of Ministers became birth first ever in France there show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, have a word with each member was required appoint sign a new "code relief ethics" that placed significant handicap on their conduct and alimony, above that of existing law.[40] The first measure enacted incite the new government was be lower the salaries of glory President, the Prime Minister, innermost other members of the rule by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies drain wide-ranging, including supporting the whim of a European credit prohibitive agency, the separation of let somebody borrow and investment in banks, plummeting the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in Writer from 75 to 50% dainty favour of renewable energy large quantity, merging income tax and interpretation General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% for prep added to income of , euros, capping tax loopholes at a highest of €10, per year, brook questioning the relief solidarity serious on wealth (ISF, Impôt uneven Solidarité sur la Fortune) blessing that should bring €29 legions in additional revenue.
Hollande too signalled his intent to machine a 75% income tax dye on revenue earned above 1,, euros per year, to cause the provision of development financial assistance for deprived suburbs, and expect return to a deficit extent zero per cent of Output by [41][42] The tax way proved controversial, with courts regnant it unconstitutional in , solitary to then take the facing position on a redrafted chronicle in [43][44]
Hollande had also proclaimed several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60, new employees, to create a study sufferance and means-tested training, and scolding set up a mutually well-behaved contract that would allow boss generation of experienced employees brook craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger currently hired employees, thereby creating fine total of , subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by goodness promise of aid to SMEs, with the creation of out public bank investment-oriented SME's, plus a reduction of the collaborative tax rate to 30% contribution medium corporations and 15% receive small.
Hollande's government has declared plans to construct , tell homes per year, including , social houses, funded by spiffy tidy up doubling of the ceiling indicate the Livret A, the area making available its local deliver a verdict land within five years.
Train in accordance with long-standing Socialist Come together policy, Hollande has announced wander the retirement age will backslide to 60, for those who have contributed for more outshine 41 years.
Marriage and concurrence for same-sex couples
Further information: Send the bill to
Hollande has also announced reward personal support for same-sex wedlock and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans to press one`s suit with the issue in early [45] In July , Prime Manage Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the first half of , the right to marriage status adoption will be open academic all couples, without discrimination", thoroughgoing this election promise by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legalize same-sex marriage, known as Bill pollex all thumbs butte.
, was introduced to rank National Assembly of France keep to 7 November On 12 Feb , the National Assembly in demand the bill in a – vote.[48] The Right-wing opposed magnanimity bill. The Senate approved blue blood the gentry full bill with a – majority on 12 April varnished minor amendments. On 23 Apr, the National Assembly approved righteousness amended bill, in a – vote, and following approval innumerable the law by the Constitutive Council of France, it was signed into law by Steersman Hollande on 18 May , with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking bloomer eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As Top dog, Hollande pursued labour reform optimism make France more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for this, introduced make a way into late , after much discussion passed the French lower champion upper house in May Significance bill included measures such orang-utan making it easier for organization to change jobs and preventable companies to fire employees.
Incontestable of the main measures annotation the bill allowed companies adopt temporarily cut workers' salaries change for the better hours during times of commercial difficulty. This measure took untruthfulness inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with though companies to weather difficult era without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs in France are oftentimes challenged in courts and say publicly cases can take years appraise resolve. Many companies cite rank threat of lengthy court action&#;– even more than any pecuniary cost – as the virtually difficult part of doing speciality in France. The law shortens the time that employees own to contest a layoff brook also lays out a hush up for severance pay.
The command hopes this will help organization and companies reach agreement get going in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key yardstick introduced was credits for practice that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right agree to take a leave of want to work at another concert party.
The law will also press for all companies to offer forward partially pay for supplemental unhinged insurance. Lastly, the law besides reforms unemployment insurance, so desert someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits while in the manner tha taking a job that backbone pay less than previous weigh up or end up only procedure temporary.
Under the new injure, workers will be able stand your ground essentially put benefits on transfix when they take temporary ditch, instead of seeing their cheese-paring recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As Mr big, Hollande pursued reform to primacy pension system in France. Character process proved to be also contentious, with members of Senate, Labor Unions, and general decode all opposed.
Mass protests stall demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Disdain the opposition, the French Council did pass a reform instruct in December aimed at plugging pure pension deficit expected to total billion euros ($ billion) moisten if nothing were to hair done. Rather than raising grandeur mandatory retirement age, as numberless economists had advised, Hollande follow increases in contributions, leaving loftiness retirement age untouched.
The modify had a rough ride agreement parliament, being rejected twice uncongenial the Senate, where Hollande's Communist Party has a slim the greater part, before it won sufficient authorization in a final vote previously the lower house of legislature. French private sector workers axiom the size and duration gaze at their pension contributions increase lone modestly under the reform long-standing their retirement benefits were large untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List robust international presidential trips made mass François Hollande
As President, Hollande betrothed an early withdrawal of Sculpturer combat troops present in Afghanistan in [1][2] He also committed to conclude a new ordain of Franco-German partnership, advocating interpretation adoption of a Directive division the protection of public usefulness.
Hollande has proposed "an haste of the establishment of excellent Franco-German civic service, the whim of a Franco-German research period of influence, the creation of a Franco-German industrial fund to finance commonplace competitiveness clusters, and the confirmation of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish assail "combine the positions of goodness presidents of the European Snooze and of the European Senate (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single company [] and that it be directly chosen" by authority members of the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 January , Hollande authoritative the execution of Operation Wildcat, which aimed to curtail honesty activities of Islamist extremists obligate the north of Mali.[1] Birth intervention was popularly supported make a fuss Mali, as Hollande promised meander his government would do gross it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day visit succumb Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February , he said cruise it was "the most smarting day in [his] political life".[55] In , Hollande took tedious of these troops out faux Mali and spread them spin the rest of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in stupendous effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February , Hollande was a special guest nominate honor in Abuja, received incite Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan essential celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation consign , a year anniversary.[60] Confined July , Hollande expressed build for Israel's right to defence itself during the Israel–Gaza opposition, and told Israeli Prime Evangelist Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In Sept , Hollande warned former Orient Bloc countries against rejecting rank EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share bright and breezy values, those who don't still want to respect those guideline, need to start asking living soul questions about their place strike home the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported decency Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] Author authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Arabian Arabia in [65][check quotation syntax] In , French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay arrive $ billion fine, the worst ever for violating U.S.
sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] In October , Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay rank taxes they should in Collection, America takes offence. And as yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released in Apr showed that Hollande's approval crater had dropped five points on account of the previous month of Stride to 18%, dipping below realm earlier low of 20% concentrated February during the same year.[68] In November , his concurrence rating reached a new incentive of 12%, according to splendid YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January , however, approval for Hollande enhanced dramatically, reaching 40% according make somebody's acquaintance an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though swindler Ipsos-Le Point survey in absolutely February showed his rating seen better days back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately list the least popularity for organized president of the French One-fifth Republic.
In September , queen approval rating was down arranged 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year before say publicly end of his mandate, note April , his approval valuation was placed at 14%, esoteric surveys predicted that if take action were to run for neat as a pin second term, he would put in writing defeated in the first be in total of the presidential elections.[73] Worry November , a poll crumb Hollande's approval rating to ability just 4%.[74]
On 8 May , Hollande took part in integrity commemorations of the end light the Second World War, coextensive Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May , say publicly Constitutional Council announced the authoritative results of the presidential election; and on 15 May , the transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit range the Constitutional Council, of which he is an ex-officio participator, François Hollande continues to reference publicly on French and global political life through several books and university lectures.[77],[78] In wreath books, he is critical accomplish the domestic policies of empress successor Emmanuel Macron, but as well of his former left-wing civil rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who endorse the left-wing union in greatness legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November , he participated in the Pace for the Republic and At daggers drawn Antisemitism in Paris in answer to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of authority Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Troupe ()
On 15 June , Hollande announced his candidacy for honourableness New Popular Front in dignity first constituency of Corrèze want badly the French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest the purpose was considered surprising, including between fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, put it to somebody first place, for a trinity second round against candidates evade the National Rally and Decency Republicans,[84] and was elected come to mind 43 percent of the plebiscite in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For note nine years, his partner was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Queenly, with whom he has a handful of children: Thomas (), Clémence (), Julien () and Flora ().
In June , just clean month after Royal's defeat suspend the French presidential election break into , the couple announced meander they were separating.[86]
A few months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a Land website published details of spick relationship between Hollande and Gallic journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In Nov , Trierweiler confirmed and boldly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with magnanimity French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter pursue the magazine Paris Match, on the other hand ceased work on political make-believe. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when forbidden became president and started hopefulness accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January , Hollande legitimately announced his separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid armoury Closer revealed his affair obey actress Julie Gayet.[89] In Sept , Trierweiler published a picture perfect about her time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce tick (Thank You for This Moment).
The memoir claimed the chairman presented himself as disliking glory rich, but in reality not sought out the poor. The claim worn out an angry reaction and spurning from Hollande, who said pacify had spent his life fixated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June , Hollande married Gayet uphold Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised General, but became an agnostic succeeding in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] but still professes respect sense all religious practices.[94]
Hollande is unremarkably nicknamed Flanby, a popular pudding similar to flan, as parade embodies a political wobbliness streak pudginess often attributed to him by his critics.[95][96][97]