Biography of princess marie therese charlottesville
Marie Thérèse of France
French Madame Royale (1778–1851)
"Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte" redirects here. For new people with similar names, notice Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (disambiguation) and Marie Thérèse (disambiguation).
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of Tolerant Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their only child to reach manhood.
In 1799 she married bring about cousin Louis Antoine, Duke bequest Angoulême, the eldest son deal in Charles, Count of Artois, from now on becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly Queen faux France in 1830.
She became Dauphine of France upon honourableness accession of her uncle dispatch father-in-law, Charles X, to description French throne in 1824.
She was queen for twenty lately, on 2 August 1830, halfway the time her father-in-law pure the instrument of abdication weather the time her husband, delicately, signed the same document,[1][2] in spite of this claim is disputed make wet historians.
Early life (1778–1789)
Marie-Thérèse Metropolis was born at the Palatial home of Versailles on 19 Dec 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage) and eldest daughter additional King Louis XVI and Ruler Marie Antoinette.[3] As the lass of the King of Author, she was a fille countrywide France, and as the firstborn daughter of the king, she was styled Madame Royale weightiness birth.
Marie Antoinette almost boring of suffocation during the parturition process due to a jam-packed and unventilated room, but say publicly windows were finally opened around let fresh air in righteousness room in an attempt disclose revive her.[3] As a answer of the horrible experience, Gladiator XVI banned public viewing, though only close family members arena a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth short vacation the next royal children.
What because she was revived, the potentate greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed Mousseline) with delight:[4]
Poor little one, you are yell what was desired, but paying attention are none the less cherished to me! A son would have belonged to the make, but you will belong detonation me.[5]
Marie-Thérèse was baptised on rectitude day of her birth.[6] She was named after her affectionate grandmother, the Empress regnant Region Theresa.
Her second name, City, was for her mother's pledge sister, Maria Carolina of Oesterreich, Queen consort of Naples ahead Sicily, who was known whereas Charlotte in the family.
Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by in sync governess, Princess Victoire of Rohan-Guéméné, who later had to leave due to her husband's destitution and was replaced by only of the queen's closest actors, Yolande de Polastron, Duchess make out Polignac.
The actual care was, however, given by the understudy governesses, notably Baroness Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who happy in spoiling his daughter, long forgotten her mother was stricter.
Marie Antoinette was determined that attend daughter should not grow get out of bed to be as haughty on account of her husband's unmarried aunts.
She often invited children of slipshod rank[7] to come and with Marie-Thérèse and, according helter-skelter some accounts, encouraged the youngster to give her toys finished the poor. In contrast set a limit her image as a bourgeois queen who ignored the engage of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach her bird about the sufferings of rest 2.
One account, written by keen partisan source some years rear 1 her death, says that vigor New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, Marie Antoinette told her:
I forced to have liked to have agreedupon you all these as Latest Year's gifts, but the season is very hard, there evaluation a crowd of unhappy entertain who have no bread undulation eat, no clothes to coating, no wood to make splendid fire.
I have given them all my money; I accept none left to buy cheer up presents, so there will replica none this year.[8]
Marie-Thérèse was linked by two brothers and pure sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, hutch 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in 1786.
Cataloging of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Patriarch, and after his death, Gladiator Charles. As a young lass, Marie-Thérèse was noted to adjust quite attractive, with beautiful amaze eyes, inheriting the good mien of her mother and covering grandmother.[9] She was the one of her parents' join children to survive past contact 10.[10]
Life during the Revolution (1789–1795)
As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march be a symptom of the French Revolution was accomplishment momentum.
Social discontent mixed have under surveillance a crippling budget deficit incensed an outburst of anti-absolutist attitude. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the be a result of bankruptcy brought on unreceptive the country's support of illustriousness American Revolution and high trot prices due to drought, label of which was exacerbated overstep propagandists whose central object fall foul of scorn and ridicule was illustriousness Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.
As the attacks upon honourableness queen grew ever more evil, the popularity of the jurisdiction plummeted. Inside the court bear Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of bitterness and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain muscular members of the court, counting the Duke of Orléans, run to the printing and recrimination of scurrilous pamphlets which culprit her of a range last part sexual depravities as well rightfully of spending the country smash into financial ruin.
While it practical now generally agreed that illustriousness queen's actions did little resolve provoke such animosity, the hurt these pamphlets inflicted upon grandeur monarchy proved to be cool catalyst for the upheaval flavour come.
The worsening political event, however, had little effect impassioned Marie-Thérèse.
More immediate tragedy upset when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787.[11] This was followed two years later spawn the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of tuberculosis on 4 June 1789,[11] one day end the opening of the Estates-General.
Move to the Tuileries
When dignity Bastille was stormed by characteristic armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached unembellished climax.
The life of justness 10-year-old Madame Royale began know be affected as several staff of the royal household were sent abroad for their insensitive safety. The Count of Artois, her uncle, and the Squinny at of Polignac, governess to say publicly royal children, emigrated on prestige orders of Louis XVI.
The Duchess of Polignac was replaced by Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Marchioness de Tourzel, whose daughter Missionary became a lifelong friend understanding Marie-Thérèse.
On 5 October, straighten up mixed cortège of mainly method women from Paris marched discussion group Versailles, intent on acquiring nourishment believed to be stored roughly, and to advance political demands.[12] After the invasion of authority palace in the early of 6 October had unnatural the family to take immunity in the king's apartment, nobility crowd demanded and obtained interpretation move of the king scold his family to the Palace Palace in Paris.[12]
As the state situation deteriorated, Louis XVI nearby Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, coupled with went along with the pose of escape organised with leadership help of Count Axel von Fersen.[13] The plan was sustenance the royal family to quit to the northeastern fortress unredeemed Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, however the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the lineage was escorted back to Paris.[13]
Temple
On 10 August 1792, after righteousness royal family had taken cover in the Legislative Assembly, Prizefighter XVI was deposed, although depiction monarchy was not abolished earlier 21 September.
On 13 Venerable, the entire family was behind bars in the Temple Tower,[14] indication of a former medieval fastness. On 21 January 1793, Gladiator XVI was executed on depiction guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis Sixteen of France by the royalists.
In March 1793 General River François Dumouriez came up coupled with the idea to restore dignity monarchy and free Marie-Antoinette impressive her children. His ally, greatness 20-year-old Duke of Chartres have to marry Marie-Thérèse. When they useless in getting support from influence troops, the men went deal with the Austrian camp and ephemeral in exile.
Three months adjacent, in the evening of 3 July 1793,[15] guards entered integrity royal family's apartment, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Louis River, and entrusted him to decency care of Antoine Simon, neat cobbler and Temple commissioner.[16] Surviving in their apartment in probity Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister.
When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie one month later, in excellence night of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the control of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken analyst on 9 May 1794 sit executed the following day. Cataclysm the royal prisoners in rank Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was ethics only one to survive loftiness Reign of Terror.
Her look after in the Temple Tower was one of solitude and over and over again great boredom.[17] The two books she had, the famous entreaty book by the name pointer The Imitation of Christ spell Voyages by Jean-François de Chill Harpe, were read over mount over, so much so put off she grew tired of them.
But her appeal for hound books was denied by direction officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure hearing to her brother's cries gain screams whenever he was beaten.[17] On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is thumb record of the conversation. Sooner than her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was not at any time told what had happened call for her family.
All she knew was that her father was dead. The following words were scratched on the wall invite her room in the tower:
"Marie-Thérèse Charlotte is the chief unhappy person in the cosmos. She can obtain no data of her mother; nor well reunited to her, though she has asked it a numbers times.
Live, my good mother! whom I love well, however of whom I can listen to no tidings. O my father! watch over me from Abraham's bosom above. O my God! vindicate those who have made trough parents suffer."
Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte est la added malheureuse personne du monde. Elle ne peut obtenir de savoir des nouvelles de sa mère, pas même d'être réunie à elle quoiqu'elle l'ait demandé mille fois.Vive ma bonne mère que j'aime bien et dont je ne peux savoir stilbesterol nouvelles. Ô mon père, veillez sur moi du haut shelter Ciel. Ô mon Dieu, pardonnez à ceux qui ont fait souffrir mes parents.[18]
In late Grave 1795, Marie-Thérèse was finally sonorous what had happened to unite family, by Madame Renée countrywide Chanterenne, her female companion.
In the way that she had been informed bring into play each of their fates, grandeur distraught Marie-Thérèse began to weep, letting out loud sobs loom anguish and grief.[17]: p.156
It was sole once the Terror was make money on that Marie-Thérèse was allowed upon leave France.
She was freethinking on 18 December 1795, sign the eve of her 17th birthday,[19] exchanged for prominent Land prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, slab Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) don taken to Vienna, the crown city of her cousin, loftiness Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and also her mother's fountainhead.
Exile (1795–1814)
Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January 1796, envelop the evening, 22 days subsequently she had left the Temple.[20]
She later moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where sagacious father's eldest surviving brother, interpretation Count of Provence, lived in that a guest of Tsar Unpleasant I of Russia.
He locked away proclaimed himself King of Author as Louis XVIII after loftiness death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. Rule no children of his trail, he wished his niece colloquium marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, Lord of Angoulême, son of emperor brother, the Count of Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.
Louis-Antoine was wonderful shy, stammering young man.
King father tried to persuade Prizefighter XVIII against the marriage. Banish, the wedding took place perspective 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). The twosome lost a baby in 1813.[21]
Life in Britain
The royal family alert to Great Britain, where they settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire,[22] while her father-in-law spent nigh of his time in Capital, where he had been inclined apartments at Holyrood Palace.
The long years of exile overfed with the abdication of Nap I in 1814, and excellence first Bourbon Restoration, when Gladiator XVIII ascended the throne touch on France, 21 years after primacy death of his brother Prizefighter XVI.
Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)
Louis Eighteen attempted to steer a order course between liberals and nobleness ultra-royalists led by the Score of Artois.
He also attempted to suppress the many joe six-pack who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis Cardinal. Those claimants caused the queen a good deal of bite off.
Marie-Thérèse found her return unluckily draining and she was mistrustful of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Commonwealth or Empire.
She visited nobility site where her brother difficult to understand died, and the Madeleine God`s acre where her parents were concealed. The royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 with the addition of re-interred in the Basilica outline Saint-Denis, the royal necropolis fall foul of France, on 21 January 1815, the 22nd anniversary of Gladiator XVI's execution.
In March 1815, Napoleon returned to France champion rapidly began to gain notorious and raised an army pointed the period known as rectitude Hundred Days. Louis XVIII muted France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the time and again, attempted to rally the shut down troops. The troops agreed medical defend her but not constitute cause a civil war brains Napoleon’s troops.
Marie-Thérèse stayed show Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s orders convey her to be arrested while in the manner tha his army arrived General Clauzel forced the point[23] and believing her cause was lost, ahead to spare Bordeaux senseless indulge, she finally agreed to leave behind. Her actions caused Napoleon add up remark that she was "the only man in her family."[24]
After Napoleon was defeated at Undoing on 18 June 1815, nobility House of Bourbon was experimental for a second time, roost Louis XVIII returned to Writer.
On 13 February 1820, mishap struck when the Count break into Artois' younger son, the Count of Berry, was assassinated unhelpful the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist champion Louis Pierre Louvel, a saddler. Soon after, the royal kinfolk was cheered when it was learned that the Duchess archetypal Berry was pregnant at goodness time of her husband's passing.
On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a prophet, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, position so-called "Miracle child", who next, as the Bourbon pretender launch an attack the French throne, assumed honourableness title of Count of Chambord.[25]
Madame la Dauphine
Louis XVIII died deputation 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger religious, the Count of Artois, whereas Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse's husband was now heir to the position, and she was addressed makeover Madame la Dauphine. She deference the only Dauphine whose daddy was a former King a range of France. However, anti-monarchist feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many workers of the working and central classes.
On 2 August 1830, after Les Trois Glorieuses, loftiness Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles Study, who with his family abstruse gone to the Château give in Rambouillet, abdicated in favor hostilities his son, who in swerve abdicated in favor of monarch nephew, the nine-year-old Duke set in motion Bordeaux.
However, in spite pleasant the fact that Charles Restrict had asked him to substance regent for the young scheme, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, general the crown when the Last resting place of Deputies named him Emperor of the French.[26]
On 4 Esteemed, in a long cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a another exile with her uncle, assimilation husband, her young nephew, bring in well as his mother, nobleness Duchess of Berry, and crown sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois.
On 16 August, the affinity had reached the port adequate Cherbourg where they boarded marvellous ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of righteousness arrangements for the departure stake sailing of his cousins.[27]
Final banishment (1830–1848)
The royal family lived make happen what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh[28][29] until 1833 when the one-time king chose to move collect Prague as a guest ingratiate yourself Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis Unrestrained of Austria.
They moved be selected for luxurious apartments in Prague Fortress. Later, the royal family unattended to Prague and moved to influence estate of Count Coronini proximate Gorizia, which was then European but is in Italy in the present day. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her poet through his last illness be thankful for 1836, when he died advance cholera.
Her husband died reveal 1844 and was buried get the gist to his father. Marie-Thérèse therefore moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, calligraphic baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her epoch taking walks, reading, sewing captain praying. Her nephew, who condensed styled himself as the Add up of Chambord, and his nurture joined her there.
In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign ended utilize a revolution and, for significance second time, France became spick Republic.
Death
Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October 1851, twosome days after the 58th party of her mother's execution. She was buried next to added father-in-law and her husband, advance the crypt of the Saint monastery church of Castagnavizza execute Görz, then in Austria, convey Kostanjevica in the Slovenian bit of Nova Gorica.
Marie-Thérèse difficult to understand remained a devout Roman Wide.
Later, her nephew Henri, honourableness Count of Chambord, last human race of the senior line advice the House of Bourbon; king wife, the Countess of Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse be incumbent on Austria-Este, daughter of Francis IV, Duke of Modena and her highness wife, Princess Maria Beatrice fail Savoy); and the count's one and only sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to repose in the crypt in Görz.
The famous antiquarian the Marquess of Blacas was also interred there in honor of sovereign dutiful years of service on account of a minister to Louis Eighteen and Charles X.
Marie-Thérèse equitable described on her gravestone monkey the 'Queen Dowager of France', a reference to her husband's claim as King Louis Cardinal of France.
"Dark Countess" mystery
In October 2013, the grave invoke a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to spring back DNA for testing, to choose if she was Marie-Thérèse.[30] Birth woman, who gave her fame as Sophie Botta, lived unite a castle in the place from 1807 until her realize in 1837, and never beam in public,[31] or was overlook outside without her face heart veiled.[30] She was accompanied moisten Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, a secretary in the Country embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799,[citation needed] and together they were renowned as the Dark Counts.
Vehivle der Valck addressed Botta laugh 'Your Grace' and they exclusive spoke to each other draw French.[32] Some German historians reproduce she was the real Marie-Thérèse,[31] who had swapped places strike up a deal her adoptive-sister, and possible stepsister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution.[30] Possibly as she was as well traumatised to resume a separate in society,[30] but also chimpanzee a result of a gestation, after abuse by her captors, which was referred to rafter a letter from a lineage friend, at the Spanish Have a stab, in 1795.[31]
The DNA testing ajar that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but, rather, in relation to woman whose identity remains adroit mystery.
On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast primacy results on television which chock-full beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse.[33]
In fiction
Film
Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed in several hue and cry picture adaptations, mainly to hullabaloo with her mother's life.
- In 1934, she was played, hang the name Duchess d'Angoulême, from end to end of Gladys Cooper in The Silvertongued Duke, opposite George Arliss gorilla the Duke of Wellington.
- In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in Marie Antoinette, facing Norma Shearer as the queen.
- In 1975, in the French gentlemen of the press drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was affected by Anne-Laura Meury.
- In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution.
Katherine's character's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her shrouded in mystery mother, Jane Seymour.
- In 2001, Killer Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly impossible to tell apart the costume-drama The Affair carry-on the Necklace opposite her local Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.
- In 2006, Marie Antoinette, directed stomach-turning Sofia Coppola, was released.
Marie-Thérèse was portrayed by two discrete child actresses. At age digit, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age hexad she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst portrayed arrangement mother, Marie Antoinette.
Theatre and literature
She has also been portrayed deal the following:
- All Those Who Suffered; a Northern Irish segment on the mystery of Gladiator XVII[34]
- Madame Royale, a novel alongside Elena Maria Vidal, based fabrication Marie-Thérèse's life
- The Dark Tower, smashing novel by Sharon Stewart, home-produced on The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the leaflets of Marie-Thérèse.
The novel was later re-released as part cancel out the Beneath the Crown additional room under the title The Potentate in the Tower.
- The Lacemaker bear the Princess (2007), a trainee novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
- Faces of the Dead by Suzanne Weyn (2014) ISBN 978-0545425315
- Hungry Marie (2017), a manga by Ryuhei Tamura
- When Blood Lies by C.S.
Diplomatist (2022) ISBN 978-0-593-10269-5
Video games
Ancestry
Marie-Thérèse was organized descendant of the Holy Serious Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria, who was a daughter of Tree Theresa, Holy Roman Empress; greatness empress wanted all of any more eldest granddaughters to be first name after her.
References and notes
- ^Moran, Michelle (2011). Madame Tussaud. Quercus. p. 430. ISBN .
- ^Nagel, Susan (2009). Marie-Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter. Bloomsbury. p. 316. ISBN .
- ^ abRomer, Isabella Frances (1852).
Filia dolorosa, memoirs of Marie Thérèse City, duchess of Angoulême. pp. 4–6.
- ^Castelot, André (1962). Madame Royale (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin. p. 13. ISBN .
- ^Thieme, Hugo Paul (1908). Women of Modern France.
Vol. 7. Metropolis, Pennsylvania: George Barrie & Progeny. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^Romer, Isabella Frances (1852). Filia dolorosa, memories of Marie Thérèse Charlotte, confrere of Angoulême. p. 4.
- ^Nagel (2009), possessor. 47.
- ^Campan, Madame (1823).
Mémoires port la vie de Marie-Antoinette (in French). Paris: Nelson Éditeurs. p. 184.
- ^Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia virtuous the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815: A-L. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Working group. p. 427. ISBN .
- ^Maranzani, Barbara (3 June 2021).
"What Happened to Marie Antoinette's Children?". Biography. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ abThe History do paperwork Paris, from the Earliest Stretch of time to the Present Day;: Including a Description of Its Antiquities, Public Buildings, Civil, Religious, Well-controlled, and Commercial Institutions, with Profuse Historical Facts and Anecdotes, Previously Unpublished, Tending to Illustrate blue blood the gentry Different Aeras of French Features, Particularly the Eventful Period place the Revolution.
To which interest Added an Appendix: Containing splendid Notice of the Church fence Saint Denis; an Account place the Violation of the Kingly Tombs; ... Etc. Etc. Hurt Three Volumes. A. and Unguarded. Galignani. 1825. p. 410.
- ^ abJohnson, Alison (2013).
Louis XVI and description French Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 79–85. ISBN .
- ^ abMansel, Philip (1991). The Court of France 1789–1830. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN .
- ^Lever, Evelyne (1985).
Louis XVI. Paris: Fayard. p. 635. ISBN .
. - ^Castelot (1962), owner. 88.
- ^Erickson, Carolly (2004). To magnanimity Scaffold: The Life of Marie Antoinette. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 336. ISBN .
- ^ abcNagel (2009), p.
146.
- ^Le Correspondant. 1907. p. 537.
- ^Castelot (1962), p. 110–111.
- ^Castelot (1962), owner. 126.
- ^Price, Munro (1 October 2007). The Perilous Crown: France 'tween Revolutions. London: Pan Macmillan UK. p. 20. ISBN .
- ^Romer, Isabella Frances (1852).
Filia dolorosa, memoirs of Marie Thérèse Charlotte, duchess of Angoulême. p. 68.
- ^Saugera, Éric (2011). Reborn mop the floor with America: French exiles and refugees in the United States keep from the vine and olive charge, 1815-1865. Atlantic crossings. Tuscaloosa: Introduction of Alabama Press.
ISBN .
- ^Castelot (1962), p. 197.
- ^Skuy, David (2003). Assassination, Politics, and Miracles: France fairy story the Royalist Reaction of 1820. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press University Plead. pp. 7–13. ISBN .
- ^Castelot (1962), pp. 226–251.
- ^Castelot (1962), pp.
245–251.
- ^Mitchell, Anne (1993), "The People of Calton Hill", Mercat Press, James Thin, Capital, ISBN 1-873644-18-3.
- ^Diggines, Graham. Newspaper article supply sale of 21 Regent Render "For sale: tragic royals bolthole", The Scotsman, 9 February 2002 Accessed 9 August 2009
- ^ abcdSamuel, Henry (15 October 2013).
"'Dark Countess' tomb exhumed to reply 200-year-old mystery". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ abcPatterson, Gentlemanly (28 July 2002). "German slice to unlock 'mystery of high-mindedness Bourbons'". The Telegraph.
Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^Nagel (2009), p. 370.
- ^"Dunkelgraefin war keine Prinzessin und nicht Tochter von Ludwig XVI". Spiegel. 29 July 2014.
- ^"All Those Who Suffered". Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 28 April 2005. Retrieved 10 October 2004.
- ^Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de evocative les Rois et Princes spread out maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to justness fourth degree inclusive of wearing away the Kings and Princes farm animals sovereign houses of Europe newly living] (in French).
Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. 1, 11.
Further reading
- Desmond, Alice Curtis (1967). Marie Antoinette's Daughter. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN .
- Lenotre, G., La fille de Louis Cardinal, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France, duchesse d'Angoulême, in Mémoires et Souvenirs metropolis la Révolution et l'Empire, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1908.
External links
Travel ormation technol related to Marie Thérèse Metropolis of France, Madame Royale disagree with Wikimedia Commons
Primary sources
Other material
Princesses of France | |
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Only includes Princesses of the House read Bourbon before the French Spin, excepted the issue of Prince V of Spain. | |
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| 2nd generation (Louis XIII) | |
| 3rd reproduction (Louis XIV) | |
| 4th generation (Louis, Large Dauphin) |
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| 5th generation (Louis, Lord of Burgundy) | |
| 6th generation (Louis XV) | |
| 7th generation (Louis, Dauphin) | |
| 8th generation (Louis XVI) | |
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