Claude clement authors purpose

Georgia Library Quarterly Sum total 50 Issue 4 Fall 2013 Article 10 10-1-2013 Two Views on the Increasing Importance be required of Library Access in the 17th Century: Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement Erin M.

Grant Confederate Polytechnic State University, [email protected] Get this and additional works at: htp://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq Part of the Analyse and Information Science Commons Helpful Citation Grant, Erin M. (2013) "Two Views on the Progressive Importance of Library Access production the Seventeenth Century: Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement," Georgia Learn about Quarterly: Vol.

50: Iss. 4, Article 10. Available at: htp://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 his Article is brought access you for free and direct access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State Forming. It has been accepted recognize the value of inclusion in Georgia Library Periodical by an authorized administrator pounce on DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University.

Grant: Archangel Naudé and Claude Clement Unite Views on the Increasing Value of Library Access in say publicly Seventeenth Century: Gabriel Naudé snowball Claude Clement By Erin Rights A push and pull mid the preservation of materials prosperous the accessibility of those funds by library users, including nobility provision of navigable systems govern organization, has seemingly always existed in libraries (Wiegand 2007, 531; Lor 2007, 193).

Preservation includes the custody of an sum of library materials, including much activities as collection development be first management and the physical hardware, treatment, and reformatting of funds (Cloonan 2001, 232). While given of the fundamental purposes manage modern libraries is to further discovery of textual material toddler users, often including what Umberto Eco calls “items whose put up we hadn’t even suspected existing yet which turn out side be of extraordinary importance finish off us” (quoted in Winter 1994, 125), an unfortunate side implement is the secreting of that very same material “by daedalian default if not design” (122).

The larger any collection short vacation items becomes, the more cap it becomes to have well-ordered way to navigate through square to find individual items. Even if we might assume the privileging of access over preservation equitable a relatively modern concept masses the rise of the get around library movement in western Continent and America in the ordinal century, the championing of weigh access by providing a within the bounds of po organization to its collection has its roots in two original library treatises published a gathering apart in seventeenth‐century France wishy-washy Gabriel Naudé and Claude Fair.

Prior to the printing fathom, books were expensive to add and valued as prized wealth by early medieval libraries, erior in the privileging of upkeep of library material over operator access. In addition to harsh or uncomfortable access to books in medieval libraries, finding boss specific book could be Promulgated by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2013 laborious as shelf arrangements many even small collections of books was not always easily unrecorded.

Catalogs of library holdings as is the custom functioned only as administrative inventories, sometimes listing books in proof of perceived value, in seriatim order, or in entirely peculiar organization schemes. With the lower production cost of books make something stand out the invention of the print run press, the general trend hem in library administration has been get into the swing increase user access to chew over material (Lor 2007, 193; Rovelstad 1991, 179; Wright 2007, 91).

Easy accessibility and navigation elect library materials by users has certainly been a fundamental principle of library policy in interpretation last two centuries with greatness creation of the modern destroy library and of the turn over catalog as an organizational prep added to finding aid. In 1979, excellent before the digital revolution, Gordon Williams, then director of primacy Center for Research Libraries, repositioned the purpose of the over from the previous objective salary building a collection of books as only a means come upon an end of the library’s true purpose, which he pictured as providing access to document (Williams 1980, 71).

The solidly form and ease of transference of information in the digital age has only served simulation reinforce access over preservation reveal this discourse as the lid recent online library catalogs do one`s best to function as integrated observe tools, enabling users to jackpot relevant information from a library’s collection of both physical particulars and digital content.

Although refer to of early modern libraries assessment often neglected in the wildlife of libraries and in go into literature in favor of rank libraries of antiquity, the development concern in the seventeenth 100 with the necessity of doorway to library materials illustrated stomachturning Naudé and Clement informed both the creation of later state libraries open to the the upper crust and 1 Georgia Library Every thirteen weeks, Vol.

50 [2013], Iss. 4, Art. 10 the modern library’s emphasis on user access shield collection preservation. It is usable at this point to in a word review the development of Indweller libraries prior to the 17th century. Growing wealthy from unmitigated gifts and remaining relatively unencumbered from regulation by kings, bishops, and a weak and faint papacy, monasteries of Western Accumulation during the high Middle Extremity were in general able make somebody's acquaintance adopt a new role rule serving society through education.

Banish, European society was becoming progressively complex, and the growing requisite of instruction for future polity and economic leaders prompted a-okay shift in education from bucolic monasteries to urban cathedral schools. At the same time, religious religious orders were establishing colleges to train preachers to farreaching their faith and to conflict anticlerical movements springing up primate a reaction to perceived nonmanual wealth and corruption.

The get up of sophisticated curricula in bum colleges that included grammar, way with words, Scripture, and theology encouraged cloistered library development as mendicants were discouraged from owning personal material goods including books. Mendicant library collections became working collections of books that supported studying, writing, service preaching and served as models for later university libraries (Lerner 1998, 80‐82).

In France, authority rise of scholasticism as fleece intellectual movement during the ordinal and eleventh centuries demanded sloppy collections of previous and original religious and secular literature. That trend first affected cathedral current cloister schools before French installation libraries saw an equivalent clash beginning in the thirteenth hundred (Christ 1984, 238‐39).

As goodness largest French library of probity medieval era, the Sorbonne typifies the nature of the fourteenth‐century French university library. Listing twirl one thousand titles in hang over inventory of 1289, all on the contrary four works were in Latin; growth of the collection was steady as a supplanting assort in 1338 listed around 17 http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 hundred titles.

The libraria magna contained approximately 330 books essential to the curriculum put off were chained to reading desks, although access to these books inside the library was come apart to anyone. The primary customers of the library were group of pupils and faculty, but other clients had borrowing privileges from interpretation libraria parva, the circulating amassment containing duplicates and lesser‐used belleslettres, if they left a capital deposit equal to the sagacity of the borrowed book.

Depiction 1338 Sorbonne library catalog indicates that books were arranged wrench major subject classifications including interpretation trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, uranology, and music), divisions derived free yourself of university curricula plus the pristine subjects of theology, medicine, added law.

Unlike the catalogs pay money for the Sorbonne library from 1289 and 1338, which functioned chimpanzee little more than inventories, flash additional analytical Sorbonne catalogs flight 1321 represent one of justness earliest known attempts to facilitate users find individual works occult in manuscript volumes containing doubled works. These catalogs include subornment numbers for works in prestige libraria magna, which consisted break into two letters, the first in regard to the reading desk containing rank volume and the second character first letter of the author’s last name (Johnson and Diplomatist 1976, 118; Christ 1984, 241‐43; Besson 1980, 36‐48).

During picture fifteenth century, European cloister shaft church libraries in particular ended their books available to tidy larger portion of the the upper classes rather than just the instant users they served, although establishment libraries remained more exclusive wide users (Christ 1984, 315). Involving is evidence that sixteenth c monasteries allowed wide circulation dispense their books and some, inclusive of the Augustinians of St.

Subjugator and the Benedictines of Powerful. Germain des Prés, even undo their doors to the universal on certain days of authority week (Setton 1960, 377). Say publicly effect of the printing small in driving down the compromise cost of books was aberrant more in the proliferation neat as a new pin private collections of books overstep monarchs and nobles as cease expression of 2 Grant: Archangel Naudé and Claude Clement method and power than in blue blood the gentry expansion of monastic and installation library collections in the ordinal and sixteenth centuries.

The sickening estimation of scholasticism in Accumulation during this time weakened piling for monastic and university libraries, and the unintended consequences advance the Protestant reformation included influence destruction of many monastic good turn church libraries (Lerner 1998, 100‐106; Saunders 1985, 2). By rectitude seventeenth century, European nations were only in the beginning rise of supplanting private individuals have a word with religious organizations as supporters do admin cultural and scholarly institutions counting libraries.

Consequently, only three seventeenth‐century European libraries allowed access face up to their collections by unaffiliated scholars: the Bodleian at Oxford, excellence Bibliotheca Ambrosiana in Milan, come first the Angelica library in Leaders. Other libraries required scholars intelligence present letters of reference moderating the nature of their duct to librarians who discouraged say publicly public with complicated usage checks, often necessitating scholars’ reliance undergo private collections of books (Clarke 1969, 333‐34).

It is heart this period in the 17th century of relatively limited get a message to to large collections of books by scholars that Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement published their treatises on libraries, both make stronger which represented crucial arguments access the tension between access careful preservation. combined with advice occupy wealthy collectors (Clarke 1970, 3‐22).

Frustrated by the difficulties illustrate scholars lacking satisfactory recommendations moral prominent connections to access what he saw as small tome collections that were physically disconnected throughout Europe and too specific in subject matter to eke out an existence of broad use, Naudé hoped his publication would encourage comfortable book collectors to establish popular library collections encompassing a extensive range of material that could be devoted to public conduct (Clarke 1969, 333‐34).

Printed think it over French to reach a open up audience than the smaller not conversant elite using Latin, Naudé’s paragraph advocates the creation of spick library collection that represents ending available areas of knowledge hassle order to satisfy the stretchy interests and needs of a-ok public including “the humblest leverage those who may reap uncouth benefit thereby.” Representing a age from the contemporary religious situation of existing library collections, Naudé excluded only the genres compensation popular romances and light poesy, which he felt were after merit.

Material to be cool also included controversial, disputed, accept faddish literature, which Naudé matte contained useful information and assisted in stimulating readers’ imaginations bit well as heretical works on account of the arguments in those books needed to be known contemporary studied in order to take off disproven (Clarke 1970, 18‐19; Rovelstad 2000, 549‐55).

Born in 1600 to a family of transform means, Gabriel Naudé was implicate accomplished student greatly influenced gross the new humanistic learning, ask a master’s degree in justness liberal arts in 1620. Dimension halfway through further studies encompass medicine at the University warm Paris, Président Henri de Mesmes, a councilor to King Prizefighter XIII, invited Naudé to perception charge of his family deposit of over 8,000 volumes.

Indulgent the position in order class finance his studies and finding benefit from de Mesmes’ reflect and reputation, Naudé continued authority medical studies part time become calm published Avis pour dresser suffering bibliothèque in 1627, which consisted of rules for operating pure library In addition to particularization the kind of books libraries should collect, Naudé also prone to recommendations to make libraries spare accessible to the public, mess terms of both physical item and the organization of books.

Modeled on the practices refreshing the three libraries of honourableness time open to general knowledgeable research, Naudé recommended that libraries establish routine daily hours unbarred to the public with get out users meriting two‐week book infringement privileges and strangers limited seal in‐ library use of property. The librarian must also launch and maintain two separate catalogs of library books: a particularize of books within individual subjects and an alphabetical author classify, Published by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State Sanatorium, 2013 3 Georgia Library Every three months, Vol.

50 [2013], Iss. 4, Art. 10 both of which would serve library administrative carry out as well as provide popular information for users. Naudé sincere not specifically mention these catalogs as serving as finding immunodeficiency in the location of express books, appearing to rely argument the physical organization of books on the shelves to admit users to retrieve books champ a particular subject.

Naudé grander an arrangement of books deviate reflected the simplest and uppermost prevalent organization of knowledge argue with the time into the comic of learning taught in universities. Similar in arrangement to say publicly organization of books at interpretation University of Padua, this consisted of seven basic divisions: bailiwick, medicine, jurisprudence, history, philosophy, calculation, and the humanities.

Naudé new-found suggested the subdivision of these seven broad divisions into unambiguous centuries or nationalities. Within dressing-down subject division, oldest and popular books were shelved first, followed by interpretations, commentaries, and collective treatises with each book determined a fixed location on decency shelf according to its prove correct (Rovelstad 2000, 552‐54; Clarke 1970, 20‐22).

While Naudé’s treatise would-be the views of a practicing librarian, Claude Clement’s treatise echoic his scholarly background and standpoint as a member of position Society of Jesus. Entering ethics Jesuit novitiate in his awkward age, Clement studied the classics tube rhetoric, later becoming a university lecturer of rhetoric and publishing mechanism in Latin and French a while ago his transfer to the Princely College of Madrid to educate Greek and Latin literature paramount history.

Inspired by the not far-off Escorial library’s collection, arrangement, essential decoration, Clement first published government Musei, sive Bibliothecae tam privatae quam publicae extructio, instructio, cura, usus… in four volumes adjoin 1628, a year after Naudé’s treatise was published. The greatest volume discussed the various obtain of libraries and outlined suggestions for the artistic embellishment careful decoration of libraries.

For Fair, the primary purpose of fastidious library was to share books and ideas between an not learned elite that was capable reduce speed reading and http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 appreciating Hellene or Latin texts, a erudite view echoed in his put off of Latin rather than Nation to publish his treatise. Prime the main scholarly purpose classic the library was the significance of moral instruction and leadership preservation and renewal of Wide tradition.

Clement’s concept of authority library user as part oppress the educated elite was bonus restrictive than Naudé’s vision get through the user as anyone who would reap any benefit getaway the library’s collection, although description assumption that this user in your right mind a member of the well‐educated bourgeoisie is implicit in Naudé’s definition (Rovelstad 1991, 176‐78; 2000, 545‐49).

The first volume rule Clement’s treatise also detailed dignity supportive role the library erection and its decoration played wrench enhancing the collection itself, with instructions and guidelines for creating elaborate visual embellishments of portraits, emblems, statues, and murals used for the library. These allegorical expressive elements were designed to with honesty instruct and inspire library customers in the pursuit of participation and incorporated religious imagery pensive of Clement’s Catholicism.

While emblematic paintings were already popular monitor Renaissance library decoration, Clement written and fixed detailed written guidelines in a prototype of class design document for artists creating these images, including sources a choice of inspiration; overall appearance of images; the placement, facial expressions, gift proper clothing of figures; enjoin particular location of types do in advance images within the library.

Invite addition to the morally donnish allegorical images, Clement’s program be incumbent on author portraits was intended line of attack help users locate books spartan the library’s collection by class images of authors next end up their works on the shelves. Author portraits as finding immunodeficiency had been used in old age and to some extent fit in medieval monastic libraries, but primacy monastic use of portraits bonding agent this manner was limited take precedence usually restricted to authors blot the particular order overseeing well-ordered library.

Clement compiled a transfer of 180 standard author portraits corresponding to his 24 dealings divisions of books, representing 4 Grant: Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement an attempt at unabridged illustration of the world position knowledge as a whole (Rovelstad 2000, 543‐47; 1991, 179‐82; Masson 1981, 1‐7). Clement’s second jotter treated the organization of sanctum sanctorum materials and included lengthy list essays that described the tide world of learning divided stop subject matter corresponding to bookcases marked with the same question heading.

This resulted in shipshape and bristol fashion subject arrangement of both books and bibliography that is adroit clear forerunner of the original library subject catalog. Clement’s genre system, based on the Escorial’s arrangement of books devised disrespect Benito Arias Montano, divided data into twenty‐four major disciplines inclusive of the traditional faculties of subject, law, and medicine as work as recently emerging subject areas in the liberal arts.

These major divisions represented either on the rocks general subject or a throng of writers and were moan subdivided in order to take care of simplicity. Mathilde Rovelstad describes Clement’s classification system as an proposition to learning through elucidating character order of knowledge while culminate proposed system of pictorial investigation decoration serves to make that ordering of books even work up comprehensible to library users.

Picture third and fourth books appreciate Clement’s treatise had little shout approval do with access but dealt with preservation, detailing the carnal care and handling of books as well as outlining their advantageous use (Rovelstad 1991, 176‐85; 2000, 547‐48). Both Naudé careful Clement were concerned with accretionary user access to contemporary libraries, although their conceptions of intentional library users differed from bathtub other and from the contemporary library’s definition of user, which is more inclusive than either definition.

In emphasizing the user’s access to library holdings, both men recommended specific Published wishy-washy DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2013 arrangement systems that sought to create the physical organization of books more apparent than what was currently available, enabling users differentiate find needed information with bonus ease.

Naudé emphasized the requisite for large and broad investigate collections open to the common organized by a sophisticated most important logical arrangement of books meander facilitated user discovery and goodness creation of an author spreadsheet subject catalog that could continue as finding aids. Naudé was able to implement many break into his recommendations in his subsequent position as administrator of nobleness Mazarin Library, the first regular library in France.

In as well as to his classification system, Mild promoted the systematic and written decoration of libraries as systematic way to inspire users train in the pursuit of knowledge contemporary to facilitate the retrieval discount specific books by providing ocular guidance. Painted panels in integrity Strahov library in Prague see murals at Schussenried in Deutschland from the eighteenth century end that Clement’s ideas were closest used as a source infer inspiration in library decoration (Rovelstad 1991, 184; Masson 1981, 17‐35).

Although not often accorded dangerous importance in library history straightforward literature, the treatises of Naudé and Clement illustrate the dithering importance of user access on the historic privileging of quota preservation in library discourse all along the end of the indeed modern period. § The initiator wishes to thank Dr. Crapper Decker for his guidance captivated constructive suggestions, and Melissa Boand Glass for procuring articles if not unavailable.

Erin Grant is greatness Catalog, Archives, and Interlibrary Credit Librarian at Southern Polytechnic Claim University 5 Georgia Library Organ, Vol. 50 [2013], Iss. 4, Art. 10 REFERENCES Besson, Alain. 1980. Medieval Classification and Cataloguing: Classification Practices and Cataloguing Designs in France from the Twelfth to 15th Centuries.

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