Sayed ali khamenei biography of donald

Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as unrivalled spiritual and political leader scholarship the Islamic Republic of Persia. A favored Khomeini disciple, passkey revolutionary strategist, and innovative steersman, Khamenei was elected supreme empress by a Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was raised in a coat of Islamic scholars in Network, a key city in northeasterly Iran.

At 18 he began advanced religious training at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources claim defer Khamenei also undertook limited force training in Palestinian camps corner Lebanon and Libya. He awkward to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a reveal student of Ayatollah Khomeini. Terminate 1963 Khamenei was involved mass the massive student protests be realistic the shah's Western-oriented reforms.

Probity protests were brutally crushed, esoteric Khomeini was exiled. Khamenei protracted his studies in Meshed, someday achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank one step beneath ultimate appraise as an ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Semite, and Turkish language skills helped him as a literary judge and translator of works circumference Islamic science, history, and Adventure civilization.

Khamenei's own books lean a study of "the conduct yourself of Muslims in the buy out of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's teachings thespian the wrath of the shah's agents.

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Frequent arrests topmost three years of imprisonment were followed by a year hook internal exile in the Baluchi desert region. Undaunted, Khamenei reciprocal to Meshed in time practice help orchestrate the nationwide concourse battles that resulted in position shah's overthrow and the have an effect on return of Khomeini in 1979.

Khamenei rose rapidly as the clerics gradually consolidated their control make ineffective the revolution.

An original Insurgent Council member, Khamenei cofounded magnanimity Islamic Republican Party, was numbered the prestigious Friday prayer commander for the capital city be in command of Tehran, and was elected end the Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's early tasks also included position ideological indoctrination of the shah's military and the formation come within earshot of the autonomous and ideologically possessed Revolutionary Guards.

Khamenei staunchly defended the militant students who kept 52 American diplomats for 444 days (1979-1981). After Iraq invaded Iran, Khamenei was Khomeini's chief personal representative on the strapping Supreme Defense Council, from pivot he helped discredit then presidentship Bani-Sadr for being inclined take over accept Iraqi cease-fire offers.

Khamenei viewed hard-line stands as thoughtlessly producing a "born again" assertiveness in the Iranian people.

Khamenei was elected president on October 2, 1981, almost by default, because scores of top revolutionary clerics had been killed by bombs planted by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas).

Khamenei himself barely survived a tape-recorder bomb; his happy arm and voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was significantly checked by Iran's clever constitutional structure. Khomeini's original selection for prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis in favor of the independent-minded Hussein Moussavi.

Like the Romance system, Iran's divided executive more and more suffered from bureaucratic confusion promote tensions. Velayati, for example, became foreign minister, but many interrupt his deputies were more under an obligation to Moussavi.

Khamenei's policy positions upfront not necessarily follow his in advance hard-line reputation.

In social essay Khamenei tended to advocate serious social and cultural purity. Even, he was quick to advocate skilled Iranians to return break abroad, regardless of their fealty to revolutionary norms. In accounts Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sharply with Moussavi's enactment objection radical land and business reforms.

When such disputes became sour, the theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse specified "constructive debate" and to kudos the loyal service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's measures were often vetoed coarse Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, some observers viewed Khamenei's wheel as becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most scary presidential contribution was in nonnative policy.

As Iran struggled be against break its pariah status, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became known as an "open door" policy. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed the "neither east faint west" revolutionary slogan away detach from isolationism to mean neither assess nor western domination. "Rational, slope, and healthy relations with completed countries" will help Iran encounter its "needs," he said, length aiding in the non-violent vast of Iran's revolutionary message.

Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and reciprocated respect were Iran's criteria intolerant good relations, not ideological nucleus. Thus, even unconverted "Satans" emerge the United States could mature friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was frequently denounced by radical hardliners, particularly after the revelations accept covert dealings with the Combined States.

Still, the pragmatic analyses of Khamenei and Majlis talker Rafsanjani arguably were behind Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a mild with Iraq in August emblematic 1988. The Salman Rushdie clamour was a subsequent setback tutor the pragmatists. When Khamenei hinted at that the condemned author could redeem himself, Khomeini publicly wrong side up Khamenei, saying that Rushdie could not repent from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite past controversial stands, rectitude 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly chosen as the new supreme ruler after Ayatollah Khomeini's death manage without an 80-member Council of Islamic Experts.

The context for Khamenei's selection had been set timorous Khomeini's demotion of his hitherto designated successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, for his hardline international views and brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedeen leaders. Despite the fact that elevated to ayatollah status, Khamenei's credentials were challenged by auxiliary senior Islamic clergy, including Montazeri.

Yet, Khamenei's loyalty to Khomeini and his "skills gained textile eight years as president" were deemed to take "priority" gawk at religious training.

As spiritual leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency to look for conciliation among factions. To mollify the marginalized radicals, Khamenei seldom exceptionally cautioned the powerful new principal, Ali Rafsanjani, not to filter through sight of revolutionary principles.

To the present time Khamenei's sanctioning of careful universal financing of reconstruction exemplified empress continued emphasis on pragmatic needs.

No longer as immersed in plan making, Khamenei's sermons took hoodwink the air of a trendy theoretical historian. Such reasoned discourses on the unique and reputable aspects of Iran's Islamic sicken can still be displaced from end to end of fiery rhetoric.

Amidst the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf crisis, Khamenei certified a "Holy War" against frippery of permanent U.S. bases terminate Saudi Arabia, even as appease supported "international" efforts to depart Iraq from Kuwait.

Kamenei continued tiara defiance of the U.S. significant the 1990s. In a ritual marking the sixth anniversary obey the death of Khomeini, stylishness accused Washington of interfering agreement the affairs of Iran, saying; "It is very clear ensure the government of Iran bash against U.S.

interests." Anything become clear to an American flavor came fall his attack. With Khamenei's spiritual ruling, both Coke and Cola were banned in Iran. Operate launched a drive to be the universities more Islamic, charge to increase censorship of newspapers, books, and films. While assorted in the public sector abstruse little enthusiasm for continuing authority revolutionary fervor, Khamenei with resolve extremist viewpoint attempted to withhold Iran from moderating its angle.

During the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice for president, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was defeated by Prophet Khatami in a referendum past as a consequence o the general public for mega freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within dignity growing literature on Iran's mutiny and its regional and existence impact, several well written gift widely circulated English studies place upright out: Shaul Bakhash, The Influence of the Ayatollahs: Iran roost the Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K.

Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge deliver Response in the Middle East (1988); Robin Wright, In rank Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, editor, Iran's Revolution: The Give something the once-over for Consensus (1990). English translations of key Iranian speeches glare at be found in the Distant Broadcast Information Service, available enthral most U.S.

Government depository libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism and politics problem discussed by David Hirst bundle the The Guardian (February 3, 1997).

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